"鹽酸" meaning in All languages combined

See 鹽酸 on Wiktionary

Noun [Chinese]

IPA: /jɛn³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/ [Mandarin, Sinological-IPA], /jiːm²¹ syːn⁵⁵/ [Cantonese, Sinological-IPA], /i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/ [Hakka, Miaoli, Northern, Sinological-IPA, Sixian], /(j)i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/ [Hakka, Meinong, Sinological-IPA, Sixian, Southern], /iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/ [Hokkien, Xiamen], /iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/ [Hokkien, Quanzhou], /iam¹³⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/ [Hokkien, Zhangzhou], /iam²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/ [Hokkien, Taipei], /iam²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/ [Hokkien, Kaohsiung], /jɛn³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/, /jiːm²¹ syːn⁵⁵/, /i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/, /(j)i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/, /iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/, /iam¹³⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /iam²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /iam²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/ Chinese transliterations: yánsuān [Mandarin, Pinyin], ㄧㄢˊ ㄙㄨㄢ [Mandarin, bopomofo], jim⁴ syun¹ [Cantonese, Jyutping], yàm-sôn [Hakka, Phak-fa-su, Sixian], iâm-sng, yánsuān [Hanyu-Pinyin, Mandarin], yánsuan [Mandarin, Tongyong-Pinyin], yen²-suan¹ [Mandarin, Wade-Giles], yán-swān [Mandarin, Yale], yansuan [Gwoyeu-Romatsyh, Mandarin], яньсуань [Mandarin, Palladius], janʹsuanʹ [Mandarin, Palladius], yìhm syūn [Cantonese, Yale], jim⁴ syn¹ [Cantonese, Pinyin], yim⁴ xun¹ [Cantonese, Guangdong-Romanization], yàm-sôn [Hakka, Miaoli, Northern, Phak-fa-su, Sixian], iamˇ son´ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System, Miaoli, Northern, Sixian], yam² son¹ [Hagfa-Pinyim, Hakka, Miaoli, Northern, Sixian], yàm-sôn [Hakka, Meinong, Phak-fa-su, Sixian, Southern], r [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System, Meinong, Sixian, Southern], iamˇ son´ [Hakka, Hakka-Romanization-System, Meinong, Sixian, Southern], yam² son¹ [Hagfa-Pinyim, Hakka, Meinong, Sixian, Southern], iâm-sng [Hokkien, POJ], iâm-sng [Hokkien, Tai-lo], iamsngf [Hokkien, Phofsit-Daibuun]
Head templates: {{head|zh|noun}} 鹽酸
  1. (inorganic chemistry) hydrochloric acid Categories (topical): Acids, Inorganic compounds Synonyms: 氫氯酸/氢氯酸 (qīnglǜsuān), 氫氯酸 (qīnglǜsuān), 氢氯酸 (qīnglǜsuān)
    Sense id: en-鹽酸-zh-noun-ZXBccTwD Categories (other): Chinese entries with incorrect language header Topics: chemistry, inorganic-chemistry, natural-sciences, physical-sciences

Noun [Korean]

Forms: yeomsan [romanization], 염산 [hangeul]
Head templates: {{ko-noun|hangeul=염산}} 鹽酸 • (yeomsan) (hangeul 염산)
  1. Hanja form of 염산 (“hydrochloric acid”). Tags: alt-of, hanja Alternative form of: 염산 (extra: hydrochloric acid)

Download JSON data for 鹽酸 meaning in All languages combined (5.2kB)

{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "鹽酸",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Acids",
          "orig": "zh:Acids",
          "parents": [
            "Matter",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "zh",
          "name": "Inorganic compounds",
          "orig": "zh:Inorganic compounds",
          "parents": [
            "Matter",
            "Chemistry",
            "Nature",
            "Sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Fundamental"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hydrochloric acid"
      ],
      "id": "en-鹽酸-zh-noun-ZXBccTwD",
      "links": [
        [
          "inorganic chemistry",
          "inorganic chemistry"
        ],
        [
          "hydrochloric acid",
          "hydrochloric acid"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(inorganic chemistry) hydrochloric acid"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "roman": "qīnglǜsuān",
          "word": "氫氯酸/氢氯酸"
        },
        {
          "roman": "qīnglǜsuān",
          "word": "氫氯酸"
        },
        {
          "roman": "qīnglǜsuān",
          "word": "氢氯酸"
        }
      ],
      "topics": [
        "chemistry",
        "inorganic-chemistry",
        "natural-sciences",
        "physical-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yánsuān"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄙㄨㄢ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jim⁴ syun¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yàm-sôn"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "iâm-sng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yánsuān"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yánsuan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yen²-suan¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yán-swān"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yansuan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "яньсуань"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "janʹsuanʹ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yìhm syūn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jim⁴ syn¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yim⁴ xun¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jiːm²¹ syːn⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yàm-sôn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iamˇ son´"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yam² son¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Sixian"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yàm-sôn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Meinong",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "r"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Meinong",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iamˇ son´"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yam² son¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/(j)i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iâm-sng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iâm-sng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iamsngf"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam¹³⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jiːm²¹ syːn⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/(j)i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam¹³⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "鹽酸"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "yeomsan",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "염산",
      "tags": [
        "hangeul"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "hangeul": "염산"
      },
      "expansion": "鹽酸 • (yeomsan) (hangeul 염산)",
      "name": "ko-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "hydrochloric acid",
          "word": "염산"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Korean terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanja form of 염산 (“hydrochloric acid”)."
      ],
      "id": "en-鹽酸-ko-noun-tt1zj8fy",
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "염산",
          "염산#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "hydrochloric acid",
          "hydrochloric acid"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "鹽酸"
}
{
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "zh",
        "2": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "鹽酸",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Chinese",
  "lang_code": "zh",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Cantonese lemmas",
        "Cantonese nouns",
        "Chinese entries with incorrect language header",
        "Chinese lemmas",
        "Chinese nouns",
        "Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "Hakka lemmas",
        "Hakka nouns",
        "Hokkien lemmas",
        "Hokkien nouns",
        "Mandarin lemmas",
        "Mandarin nouns",
        "zh:Acids",
        "zh:Inorganic compounds"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "hydrochloric acid"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "inorganic chemistry",
          "inorganic chemistry"
        ],
        [
          "hydrochloric acid",
          "hydrochloric acid"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(inorganic chemistry) hydrochloric acid"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "chemistry",
        "inorganic-chemistry",
        "natural-sciences",
        "physical-sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yánsuān"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "bopomofo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "ㄧㄢˊ ㄙㄨㄢ"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Jyutping"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jim⁴ syun¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yàm-sôn"
    },
    {
      "zh-pron": "iâm-sng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hanyu-Pinyin",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yánsuān"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Tongyong-Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yánsuan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Wade-Giles"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yen²-suan¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yán-swān"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Gwoyeu-Romatsyh",
        "Mandarin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yansuan"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "яньсуань"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Palladius"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "janʹsuanʹ"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Mandarin",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Yale"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yìhm syūn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Pinyin"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "jim⁴ syn¹"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Guangdong-Romanization"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yim⁴ xun¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jiːm²¹ syːn⁵⁵/",
      "tags": [
        "Cantonese",
        "Sinological-IPA"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yàm-sôn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iamˇ son´"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Sixian"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yam² son¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Miaoli",
        "Northern",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Sixian"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Phak-fa-su",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yàm-sôn"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Meinong",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "r"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Hakka-Romanization-System",
        "Meinong",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iamˇ son´"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hagfa-Pinyim",
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "yam² son¹"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/(j)i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hakka",
        "Meinong",
        "Sinological-IPA",
        "Sixian",
        "Southern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "POJ"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iâm-sng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Tai-lo"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iâm-sng"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Phofsit-Daibuun"
      ],
      "zh-pron": "iamsngf"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Xiamen"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Quanzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam¹³⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Zhangzhou"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Taipei"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/",
      "tags": [
        "Hokkien",
        "Kaohsiung"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jɛn³⁵ su̯än⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/jiːm²¹ syːn⁵⁵/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/(j)i̯am¹¹ son²⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻²² sŋ̍³³/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam¹³⁻²² sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²⁴⁻¹¹ sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/iam²³⁻³³ sŋ̍⁴⁴/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "roman": "qīnglǜsuān",
      "word": "氫氯酸/氢氯酸"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīnglǜsuān",
      "word": "氫氯酸"
    },
    {
      "roman": "qīnglǜsuān",
      "word": "氢氯酸"
    }
  ],
  "word": "鹽酸"
}

{
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "yeomsan",
      "tags": [
        "romanization"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "염산",
      "tags": [
        "hangeul"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "hangeul": "염산"
      },
      "expansion": "鹽酸 • (yeomsan) (hangeul 염산)",
      "name": "ko-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Korean",
  "lang_code": "ko",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "hydrochloric acid",
          "word": "염산"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        "Korean entries with incorrect language header",
        "Korean lemmas",
        "Korean nouns",
        "Korean nouns in Han script",
        "Korean terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "Korean terms with redundant script codes"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Hanja form of 염산 (“hydrochloric acid”)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Hanja",
          "hanja#English"
        ],
        [
          "염산",
          "염산#Korean"
        ],
        [
          "hydrochloric acid",
          "hydrochloric acid"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "hanja"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "鹽酸"
}
{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "鹽酸"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "鹽酸",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: '(Standard Chinese)⁺'",
  "path": [
    "鹽酸"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "鹽酸",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ)'",
  "path": [
    "鹽酸"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "鹽酸",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "pronunciations/296/20230324",
  "msg": "Zh-pron header not found in zh_pron_tags or tags: 'Southern Min'",
  "path": [
    "鹽酸"
  ],
  "section": "Chinese",
  "subsection": "",
  "title": "鹽酸",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-06-04 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e9e0a99 and db5a844). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.